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ON-LINE AND OFF-LINE INTERACTIVE PROCESSES FOR PLANNING: AN APPLICATION IN A MARGINAL URBAN AREA: The case of Sant'Elia



In the following is reported an excerpt, with some modifications, of a paper previously published as Caschili L., Cossu R. (2001) On-line and Off-line Interactive Processes for Planning: An Application in a Marginal Urban Area",  in  Grazia Concilio e Valeria Monno (a cura di), Atti della Seconda Conferenza Nazionale su Informatica e Pianificazione Urbana e Territoriale INPUT 2001: Democrazia e Tecnologie".

 The paper refers about the experimentation, held in the year 2000, of an integrated method for interactive territorial planning oriented in an environmental sense in which two distinct but complementary methods were utilised: an off-line interaction method and an on-line interaction one applied to a marginal urban area.

 With the integration of the methods, techniques and instruments of off-line interaction (face to face meetings, interviews, brainstorms, design brainstorms) and on-line interaction - through Internet and the creation of an interactive web site (with chat-room, discussion forum, etc.) - it was possible:

 1) to define the spatial images that the local societies construct in relation to its life spaces, while, at the same time, opening to the outside world;

 2) to translate such images into ideas of environmental organisation and transformation through a communicative process.

 The research project permitted to:

 1) explore the perspectives for the development of communicative processes for planning and design, through direct interaction and a computer mediated one;

 2) demonstrate how, in some contexts, by using and implementing similar practices, the goal is not only the construction of shared hypotheses for spatial organization, but that it is necessary to stimulate “collective intelligence” and the empowerment of “weak” communities with respect to “strong” subjects.

The baseline of the research project

Planning increasingly takes on an interactive connotation, based on direct relationship with populations and places, and seeks shared meanings through a continuous evaluation process between technical and common knowledge.

A the same time the evolution of environmental planning, especially recently, shows growing attention to the communicative aspects among different actors, directly or indirectly involved in planning processes, with the goal of overcoming some limits to planning effectiveness. 

These shared meanings might be the basis of urban and territorial transformation oriented in an environmental sense. Insofar as the “environmental project” - as the cultural background for this research project – (Clemente, 1974; Clemente, 1987; Clemente, Maciocco, 1990; Maciocco, 1991; Maciocco, 1995) activates co-operative and interactive dynamic processes among social actors for the solution of common problems and the improvement of local conditions, it seeks the construction of new socio-territorial figures who care for the territory. (Maciocco, 1999).

Thus, the planner is not only the bearer of technical knowledge, but with his/her ethical intention favors interactive and communicative processes where communication is a process in which the participants create and share information in order to achieve a reciprocal understanding. (Rogers, Kinkaid, 1981). 

A similar approach to planning demands:
- the planner’s direct participation, 
- an immersion in the local context;
- the elimination of the epistemological excluding barrier (Lane, 2000), in order to include contextualised forms of rationality in the planning process (Mela, 2000). These forms favor collective learning processes and the empowerment of local societies (Lane, 2000; Friedman, 2000; Weissberg, 1999). 

Many experiences, focused on communication, co-operation, and interaction, are based on a similar approach: equity planning, insurgent planning, and communicative and collaborative planning (Healey, 1989; 1996, 1997; 1998; 1999).

In these experiences, planning is understood as a cultural and political project and as an urban and territorial physical transformation process.

Planning sustains the institutional capacity of local populations (Innes, Booher, 1999; Healey, 1998; Amin, Thrift, 1994), developing a new institutionalism (Giddens, 1984) in which people are interrelated by means of an interactive network that orient daily practices that can be considered as mobilisation and transformation forces for local society.

In this context, in which the planning process becomes communicative and interactive, interaction can operate on two levels: off-line and on-line.

The methodological approach

In this project, the theme of interaction is faced through sociological analysis (starting from Goffman, 1971a, 1971b) and an epistemological systemic-relational approach (Bateson, 1976; 1984; Watzlawick et al., 1971), regarding its theoretical and practical meanings into off-line and on-line territorial interactive planning.

Collaborative planning research, in fact, emphasises the importance of interaction in territorial planning, as a valid contribution to the part of this research project referring to interactive planning in the off-line and on-line dimensions. 

The choice to explore the possibilities offered by the Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) in interactive planning, also including the traditional ones, derives from some reflections on the progressive changes in urban and territorial development models. 

In fact, the evolution of both settlement space and the economy (de-materialisation processes: the development model based upon the production of material goods and “heavy” infrastructure is changing into one characterised by a “light” infrastructure) shows scenarios in which, beyond the production of material goods, the production of immaterial goods and the quality of the physical environmental will become increasingly important.

The informational networks and Internet are quickly transforming society's characteristics and the relationships among people, groups, information, delineated more and more through complex and dynamic relations. 

The CMC is revolutionising classic modalities of communication also in relation to the transformation and differentiation of spaces and the temporal relationships into it, introducing two fundamental distinctions (Cecchini, Vania, 1999): 
- physical (or real) presence and virtual presence (or tele-presence); 
- real time (synchrony) and temporal phase-displacement of the communication (asynchrony).

The plan, in order to construct new forms of links between local societies and territory (corresponding to a model of local development oriented in an environmental sense), will have to consider:
- the interactive dimension between local and extra-local elements revealed through the Network; 
- the mutual influence between these two components. 

For designing cognitive, co-operative, plural and complex off-line and on-line environments, an approach to the disciplines that study the off-line and on-line group dynamics is necessary.

Therefore, the problem is to realise a new “ecology of communication” using modalities that include the characteristics of face to face meeting as well as on-line interactions (Calvani, Rotta, 1999). 

Then it is necessary to increase and strengthen reality, redesigning it in terms of interrelations between physical and virtual space, constituting a new spatial dimension that Tagliagambe defines as “augmented reality”. (Tagliagambe, 1997).

In the context of the experimentation – the urban area of Sant’Elia in Cagliari – such a theoretical approach has become necessary to promote efficacious interactive processes, where the effectiveness of interaction is taken to mean the ability of interactive processes to favor autopoietic dynamics in the socio-territorial system.

Working in in this marginal area, the planner’s attention was not only focused on the necessity to resolve the specific problem but also to stimulate the empowerment of local society. 

Moreover, it was considered important to make explicit the spatial image of local society (that here can be meant as a community in Tönniesian sense) on the one hand, and on the other, the images that the rest of city and the same community give back through the Network. 

So, at the local level, it was possible to explore: 
- the differences between images obtained in the off-line and on-line dimensions;
- the differences between internal and external to the context images.

Instead, at the global level, it was possible to activate a process of collective learning.  

The long-term goal is not only to translate the elements deriving from “representations of the common knowledge” into project scenarios, but also to stimulate the community to recognize its potentialities and its weaknesses, above all with respect to both institutions and externally elaborated context visions.

The context of the experimentation: Sant'Elia Neighbourhood in Cagliari (Italy)

Social dynamics in the Sant’Elia neighbourhood have been characterized by relief interventions and initiatives of “urban rehabilitation”.

The neighbourhood, physically separated from the rest of the city, is marked, now and in the past, by poverty and social marginalisation that can be considered an expression of a deep caesura between the local social context and the rest of city. This fracture has transformed the area into a ghetto.

But the serious fact is that this idea has become deeply entrenched in the inhabitants’ (both in the neighbourhood and in the city at large) mentality, sharpening the sense of isolation and abandonment, spreading environmental and social degradation phenomena, and increasing illegal activities. 

At the end of sixty years, the Old Village is apparently connected with the rest of the city through the stadium and localisation of tenements; but soon afterwards, once again, it is cut from a motorway that joins opposite parts of the compact city.

During the ’80s, the neighbourhood was knitted to the city by means of a double ring of constructions, where a few private business activities are located. The double ring is still in construction. 

The City Government answers the unrest by renovating the houses of the Old Village and proposing the construction of a water park and sports infrastructure, which were never realised. 
Finally, in 1996, the Municipality published an ideas competition for the reconstruction of both the former contagious diseases hospital and an open-air theatre, and the public green arrangement.

At the moment a Neighbourhood Contract aim to renovate the low cost housing projects. (The "Contratto di Quartiere" is an interesting policy financed by the European Community and by the Italian law n. 499/97 for housing renovation using both public and private financing, and most importantly, the activation of community participation and communication with the goal of informing and involving the residents regarding the interventions themselves)

The off-line dimension 

The study area was identified by considering two fundamental elements: the context’s environmental and territorial aspects, and the community’s place-attachment. The community, although often fragmented, can be a compact socio-territorial figure in some particular situations.

The context is characterised by:

- remarkable potential environmental value that reveals the possibility of a rehabilitation of degraded and disowned places;
- infrastructure organisation, with barriers and divisions that circumscribe the area, and make it easily recognisable and identifiable;
- presence of natural, architectural, cultural and historical values that are recognised by the city of Cagliari;
- presence of a community that is strongly attached to some places;
- presence of associations, groups and people that are active into the territory and promoters of various initiatives;
- physical and social separation from the rest of the city.

These characteristics make Sant’Elia an ideal place to develop an on-line and off-line communicative territorial planning process oriented in an environmental sense. This process has served to define the collective representation of future territorial organisation by means of interaction and co-operation in local society.

Off-line interaction has been conducted through immersion in the context and developed using:

- semi-structured interviews to “special” members of social society (the parish priest, the medium school principal, Catholic Association, Older Circle, Fishermen Circle, etc.);
- providing metric scale to inhabitants and in the schools;
- face-to-face meeting with brainstorms, project brainstorms.

Initially, the “special” members of the local society were contacted by telephone to confirm their availability to submit to a semi-structured interview. During the interview, the respondent had also drawn his/her cognitive map upon a more congenial or familiar cartographic representation. The cartographic representation could be chosen among:

- a map representing area of Cagliari, 1:5000 in scale, containing information about the city and the neighbouring natural environment. This map is not easily readable;
- a digitalized and colored map (part of IGMI 1:25000 map of Cagliari);
- a map obtained by joining five 1997 aerial photos;
- a road map of Cagliari, in 1: 9000 scale, containing the toponomastic references to the area.

The maps that are more frequently chosen are those that were more understandable and familiar: the aerial photo and the road map. It is important to underline how all people preferred the other two maps to evidence the environmental dimension and the relationships between the neighbourhood and the rest of the city.

The interview was focused on six levels:

1) environment;
2) the community’s place-attachment;
3) social relationships
4) problematic elements;
5) a future vision;
6) a list of physical and social adjectives useful to describe the area (open, wide, vast, luminous, green, clean, silent, degraded, accessible).

All the information obtained in the interviews, the adjective list, and the tables on which was possible represent area’s images, were fundamental in order to identify the context’s meaningful places (territorial and social). This information has permitted to focalise some relevant aspects tied to problematic and potential elements of the social and environmental dimensions.

Moreover, the information collected by the “special” members of local society were used to establish the techniques to structure the face to face meetings and the directed interaction tools for qualitative and quantitative analysis of socio-territorial perception, and to interpret information through frequencies analysis and factorial analysis of the correspondences.

Two meetings were organised. 

The first meeting lead to using three different communicative channels according to a brainstorm activity:

- a computer connected to a video projector in order to illustrate the work and to focalise on some relevant points;
- wall charts in order to write the relevant points deriving from the comparison with the list of adjectives also submitted to the “special” members of local society, and the result of the interviews;
- area map, in 1:5000 scale, on which people could draw project scenarios that emerged through interactive activities.

This phase permitted to focalise particularly meaningful project scenarios for the participants.

With respect to these project scenarios, a new cycle of project brainstorming was undertaken. In this cycle, project scenarios have been traced. Subsequently, all materials have been translated into a digital format and integrally introduced into an Internet site: web.tiscalinet.it/tecla.

A second meeting was directed towards the revision of materials produced during the first meeting, in order to verify the coherence among the different project scenarios that emerged during the first brainstorm, and eventually to modify scenarios.

During the second meeting, it was also possible to quantify the perception that the inhabitants had already expressed with respect to the proposed adjectives in order to describe the neighbourhood. A metric scale with values from 0 to 10 was associated to the list of adjectives, permitting therefore to order them along a continuous dimension, subdivided in constant intervals, with respect to origin which corresponds a value of zero absolute, not arbitrary.

The metric scale (Table 1) preceded by some questions in order to define age, sex, grade of education, and employment, was proposed to participants. This metric scale was submitted not only during the second meeting but also during the interviews with some organised groups of the neighbourhood.

Physical aspect
open
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
wide
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
vast
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
luminous
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
green
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
clean
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
silent
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
degraded
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Physical aspect
accessible
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Social aspect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Table 1: The metric scale

The results were processed through a factorial analysis of the correspondences using active variables that refer to the adjectives, considered in their twofold valence. The supplementary variables refer to age, sex, grade of education, and employment. 

From an examination of factorial plans it is possible observe three different visions:

1) a negative vision, that can be associated to people of age that ranges from 15 to 39 years, prevalently women, with a high-school diploma or a college degree and employed. The possibility to have experiences in other contexts, for job and study reasons seems, therefore, to influence the perception of their life space;

2) a positive vision, that can be associated to people of age that ranges from 40 to 65 years, in prevalence retired and jobless men, that have achieved an elementary or middle-school diploma, Perhaps this group is satisfied with the neighbourhood’s general conditions because it feels a relevant sense of place-attachment and roots;

3) an “indifferent” vision, that can be associated to students of age that ranges from 0 to 14 years, in prevalence males, that do not have precise opinions about their physical and social perception. Probably this can be attributed to the neighbourhood’s isolation that limits the possibility for comparison, and the absence of critical capacity among young people.

The on-line dimension 

The on-line interactive methodology refers to the work conducted through the use of Internet.
An interactive web site was realised. It contains asynchronous and synchronous tools:

- chat room;
- forum;
- e-mail;
- form with the metric scale;
- maps – charted for the off-line dimension – on which the visitors can draw planning hypothesis.

Each tool represents the transposition, in the on-line dimension, of the instruments employed in the off-line one.

Off- line dimension
On-line dimension
Interviews and meetings
forum
face to face meetings and brainstorming (synchronous)
chat room (synchronous)
planning brainstorm
maps for the interaction
the metric scale
form with the metric scale
Table 2: the tools

The web site was publicised in the area with fliers, face-to-face meetings, and meetings with organised groups. Instead, at an external level, it was publicised by means of the link to Environmental Project web site of the University of Cagliari, mailing lists, and a net of informal relations.

 The communicative effectiveness of the web site and its usability are a compromise between graphic and social exigencies.

 Forms and maps, received through the Internet, permitted to evaluate, quantitatively and qualitatively, citizens’ environmental perception and to make explicit their spatial images.

 The representative sample obtained is different than the off-line one, for the following reasons:

–       the age of involved subjects that ranges from 20 to 45 years;
–      the grade of education is normally medium-high;
–       the professional condition – 25% are students and 52,7% are people in work.

 The data was the object of a frequency analysis, useful to understand the sample typology that has been considered, and a factorial analysis of the correspondences in order to compare with off-line data.

 Three different visions of the neighbourhood clearly emerge from factorial analysis of the correspondences:

1) a positive vision that can be associated to people in work that ranges from 26 to 30 years. They take greater attention with respect to environmental and social potentiality of context, in despite of the degradation that is locally and externally recognised;

2) an “indifferent” vision that can be associated to unemployed women that ranges from 20 to 25 years in age;

3) a negative vision that can be associated to males, in general students, that ranges from 20 to 25 years and diplomat people over 31 years.

The comparison between off-line e on-line interaction

Spatial images obtained in both interactive dimensions that are correspondent to an “internal” vision (the inhabitants of neighbourhood) and an external one (the rest of the city) shows interesting analogies (Table 3).

From the comparison among results of metric scale into off-line e on-line dimension, differences and recurrent elements of different perceptions of neighbourhood can be evidenced.

Off-line vision
On-line vision
Positive
This vision is associated to people of age that ranges from 40 to 65 years, in prevalence retired and jobless men, that have achieved an elementary or middle-school diploma, Perhaps this group is satisfied with the neighbourhood’s general conditions because it feels a relevant sense of place-attachment and roots
Positive
This vision is associated to people in work that ranges from 26 to 30 years. They take greater attention with respect to environmental and social potentiality of context, in despite of the degradation that is locally and externally recognised.
Indifferent
This vision is associated to students of age that ranges from 0 to 14 years, in prevalence males, that do not have precise opinions about their physical and social perception. Probably this can be attributed to the neighbourhood’s isolation that limits the possibility for comparison, and the absence of critical capacity among young people
Indifferent
This vision is associated to unemployed women that ranges from 20 to 25 years in age
Negative
This vision is associated to people of age that ranges from 15 to 39 years, prevalently women, with a high-school diploma or a college degree and employed. The possibility to have experiences in other contexts, for job and study reasons seems, therefore, to influence the perception of their life space
Negative
This vision is associated to males, in general students, that ranges from 20 to 25 years and diplomat people over 31 years
Table 3: comparison between off-line and on-line vision

If, for all people involved, the environmental dimension is considered as integral part of the context, the physical decay is perceived above all from the non-residents.

It is interesting to observe how the condition of neighbourhood isolation, although considered objective from a technical viewpoint, is not lived by the inhabitants in a way that is so limiting as well as it is lived from the rest of the city.

In fact, the most of project scenarios elaborated through the Net identify actions seeking the increment of accessibility and urban continuity.

Moreover, in these scenarios, the generally complex and sophisticated rehabilitation action clearly emerges referring to different interpretative categories and place belonging to the stratified and consolidated collective imagination, from which are excluded the more hidden of real spatial experience.
Off-line
On-line
Physically open
much
enough
Socially open
enough
much
Vast
much
much
Luminous
much
much
Green
much
enough
Physically clean
enough
enough
Socially clean
enough
enough
Silent
little
enough
Physically degraded
little
much
Socially degraded
enough
enough
Physically accessible
much
enough
Socially accessible
enough
enough
Table 4: comparison between the off-line and on-line perception

This last aspect, while it might not be considered particularly important, can be considered indicative of attention and interest different degree with respect to the neighbourhood.

In fact, on the hand the survey conducted in the local context, puts in evidence a sort of resignation or a sort of passive and uncritical hostility towards the interventions proposed by the Municipality, but at the same time also a relevant places attachment.

On the other hand, it is possible to reveal the interest of the city in relation to a place having an elevated environmental value that has be reconnected to the rest of urban areas.

The problem is evident when we try to turn over a social marginality situation with projects finalised to increase the environmental dimension of the city according to logic that are always based on excluding urban models, rather than to resolve the problem interesting the residents.

The design of inclusion 

The goals of the interactive process in the neighbourhood were:

- to explore the perspectives of communicative processes for planning and design by means of direct interaction and computer mediated one;
- and to reflect on the potentials that the web infrastructure offers as a tool that can sustain democracy and collective learning, but that can also favor social exclusion.

During the process this previous goals had to be changed as a consequence of the input deriving from the context: in fact, after their involvement in the research project, the “special” members of local society reorganized the relationships among single associations present in the neighbourhood to manage common project scenarios of evolution of socio-territorial reality.

At the same time, one of the associations has prepared a youth centre for the European computer science licence with the requested support from the university research group. 

The experience of total immersion in a marginal and “weak” context has placed the bases for an evolution of the research project, calling the attention of the planner to the necessity not only to resolve specific problems but also to stimulate the ommunity empowerment. 

The new goal is now the definition of a way of collective learning can favor the development of design capacity, meant as ability to think the future in constructive terms. 

The community’s “project anxiety” can be translate from the planner into actions, procedures and modality for inclusion, through projects scenarios for the neighbourhood that can also involve and interest the rest of the city. 

Recognizing that technical language, knowledge and operativity cannot totally be transferred (especially in the short term), the task of the planner might become one of availability, drafting studies and plans and supplying technical support as an important tool for inclusion, to strengthen the contractual power of “weak” communities with respect to “strong” social groups. 

The technique, in this case, provides a “service” and takes on argumentative value if it is able to re-elaborate criteria and informal categories for the assessment of proposals deriving from the Municipality.

In this sense, planning can be conceived as a process that stimulates external society to produce inclusive project solutions, constitutively coherent with the expectations, desires, and requirements of the context for which they are intended.


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